NEET 2019 question paper with solutions

1. Understand the requirement: Industrial production of enzymes requires growing large volumes of microorganisms under carefully controlled conditions (temperature, pH, oxygen, nutrients) to maximize their yield.

2. Identify the correct equipment: A bioreactor is a vessel specifically designed to grow microorganisms (or cells) on a large scale under such controlled conditions, making it essential for industrial-scale enzyme and biomolecule production.

3. Rule out the other options: An industrial oven is used for heating/drying, not for growing living organisms; a BOD incubator is used in labs to measure biochemical oxygen demand of water samples, not for mass microbial culture; a sludge digester is part of sewage treatment, used to break down organic sludge, not to grow microbes for enzyme production.

Hence, the answer is B. Bioreactor.

1. Recall the classification of ribs in humans.

Humans have 12 pairs of ribs, divided into three categories based on how they attach to the sternum.

2. Recall the vertebrosternal ribs.

The first 7 pairs are called vertebrosternal (true) ribs — they attach dorsally to the thoracic vertebrae and ventrally directly to the sternum.

3. Recall the vertebrochondral ribs.

The 8th, 9th, and 10th pairs are called vertebrochondral (false) ribs — they don't attach directly to the sternum but join it indirectly through the cartilage of the 7th rib.

4. Recall the vertebral (floating) ribs.

The 11th and 12th pairs are called vertebral or floating ribs — they are attached only dorsally to the vertebrae and are free at the ventral end (not connected to the sternum at all).

5. Check the options against this classification.

This matches exactly with seven pairs vertebrosternal, three pairs vertebrochondral, and two pairs vertebral ribs.

Hence, the answer is Option B.

1. Recall what inbreeding achieves genetically.

Given that inbreeding involves mating closely related individuals of the same breed, this increases the likelihood of offspring being homozygous at many gene loci.

2. Check option C.

Since this rise in homozygosity is the direct genetic consequence of inbreeding, this statement is correct. So, option C is correct and not the answer.

3. Check option D.

Given that maintaining a consistent, uniform set of traits (a pure line) requires high homozygosity, inbreeding is indeed the essential method used to evolve pure lines. So, option D is correct and not the answer.

4. Check option B.

Since breeders use inbreeding specifically to retain and accumulate superior genes while removing undesirable ones over generations, this is also a correct and standard benefit. So, option B is correct and not the answer.

5. Check option A carefully.

Given that harmful recessive genes exposed by inbreeding get eliminated through selection — leading to improved fertility and productivity in the long run — the claim that inbreeding 'reduces fertility and productivity' describes the opposite intended outcome of this exposure-and-selection process.

6. Conclusion.

Since option A misrepresents the purpose and outcome of exposing recessive genes through inbreeding, it is the incorrect statement.

Hence, the answer is option A.